![]() 11,12 In contrast, the diterpene cafestol, which is present in unfiltered coffee, increases serum cholesterol levels. 8 These coffee compounds may reduce oxidative stress, 9 improve the gut microbiome, 10 and modulate glucose and fat metabolism. 8 A key issue in research on caffeine and coffee is that coffee contains hundreds of other biologically active phytochemicals, including polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid and lignans, the alkaloid trigonelline, melanoidins formed during roasting, and modest amounts of magnesium, potassium, and vitamin B 3 (niacin). 7 Coffee is the predominant source of caffeine ingested by adults, whereas soft drinks and tea are more important sources of caffeine ingested by adolescents ( Figure 1).Ĭoncerns have long existed that coffee and caffeine may increase the risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, but more recently, evidence of health benefits has also emerged. In the United States, 85% of adults consume caffeine daily, 6 and average caffeine intake is 135 mg per day, which is equivalent to about 1.5 standard cups of coffee (with a standard cup defined as 8 fluid oz ). For a typical serving, the caffeine content is highest in coffee, energy drinks, and caffeine tablets intermediate in tea and lowest in soft drinks. The caffeine content of commonly used sources of caffeine is shown in Table 1. 5 In addition, people use coffee beverages to increase wakefulness and work productivity. 7 Panel A shows caffeine sources and daily intake for adolescents, and Panel B shows sources and intake for adults 35 to 49 years of age.Ĭoffee and tea have been consumed for hundreds of years and have become an important part of cultural traditions and social life. Sources of Caffeine and Average Daily Intake in Adolescents and Middle-Aged Adults in the United States.ĭata are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011–2012. Caffeine Content of Commonly Consumed Foods, Beverages, and Over-the-Counter Drugs in the United States. 2 In addition, caffeine is widely used as a treatment for apnea of prematurity in infants, 3 and caffeine and analgesic agents are used together in pain medications. 1,2 Caffeine can also be synthesized and is added to foods and beverages, including soft drinks, energy drinks, and energy shots, and to tablets marketed for reducing fatigue. Besides coffee and tea, these plants include cacao beans (an ingredient of chocolate), yerba matte leaves (used to make an herbal tea), and guarana berries (used in various beverages and supplements). 1 A variety of plants contain caffeine in their seeds, fruits, and leaves. The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world.Ĭoffee and tea are among the most popular beverages worldwide and contain substantial amounts of caffeine, making caffeine the most widely consumed psychoactive agent. Information and tools for librarians about site license offerings. Valuable tools for building a rewarding career in health care. The authorized source of trusted medical research and education for the Chinese-language medical community. The most advanced way to teach, practice, and assess clinical reasoning skills. Information, resources, and support needed to approach rotations - and life as a resident. ![]() ![]() ![]() The most effective and engaging way for clinicians to learn, improve their practice, and prepare for board exams. NEW! Peer-reviewed journal featuring in-depth articles to accelerate the transformation of health care delivery.Ĭoncise summaries and expert physician commentary that busy clinicians need to enhance patient care. ![]() NEW! A digital journal for innovative original research and fresh, bold ideas in clinical trial design and clinical decision-making. ![]()
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